ABSTRACT
Processes involving heavy metals and other contaminants continue to present unsolved environmental questions. To advance the understanding of geochemical processes that involve the bioavailability of contaminants, cores where collected in the Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon, and analyzed for bacterial activity and metal concentrations. Results would suggest an extremely reducing environment where organic substances seem to be the predominant agents responsible for this geochemical process. Analytical data showed sulphate reduction to be the main agent driving this process, since this kind of bacteria was found to be active in all of the samples analyzed. Esterase enzyme production did not signal the influence of heavy metals and hydrocarbon concentrations and heavy metals were found to be unavailable for biota. However, correlation between results for bacterial biomass and the potentially mobile percentage of the total Ni concentrations would suggest a negative impact.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/metabolism , Water Microbiology , Water Pollutants/metabolism , Biological Availability , Brazil , Metals, Heavy/metabolism , Phosphates/metabolismABSTRACT
Background: Constructed wetlands are a promising, cheap and effective wastewater treatment in small communities. The studies on these systems have been reported mainly from cold, tropical or subtropical climate regions. In this work we constructed a pilot plant with six horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF CWs) with a surface area of 2 m² and a depth of 0.6 m each, planted with Typha latifolia or Scirpus sp., and filled with gravel (G) or fine gravel (FG) of 2.8 and 1.2 cm of diameter respectively, continuously fed with raw domestic wastewater. This experimental setup was evaluated over 280 days for the removal of organic matter and nutrients in a Mediterranean climate, near Valparaíso, Chile. The removal of total COD, NH4+-N and PO4-3-P was calculated, in order to assess by analysis of variance the effect of initial pollutants concentration, air temperature (season) and plant/support combination on the wetlands performance. Results: The Scirpus/FG combination showed the highest average removal of total COD of about 59%, and Typha/FG shows the highest removal of NH4+-N and PO4-3-P (49 and 32%, respectively). Furthermore, the removal of organic matter was independent of influent concentration, while mildly dependent of the season, unlike nutrients removal that was dependent on these two parameters. Media, plant and the plant/media combination influenced positively organic matter, ammonia and phosphorous removal, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of wetlands in treatment of wastewater in Mediterranean regions and show how these can help to improve the quality of water in domestic zones without high-throughput technologies.
Subject(s)
Water Pollutants/metabolism , Water Purification/methods , Wastewater , Phosphorus/metabolism , Chile , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Climate , Contaminant Removal , Wetlands, Constructed , Ammonia/metabolismABSTRACT
O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma avaliação das tendências emergentes em ações ambientais na administração de efluentes sanitários. A matéria orgânica presente no esgoto é a causa de um dos principais problemas de poluição das águas, favorecendo a transmissão de doenças de veiculação hídrica, afetando a saúde da população. A matéria orgânica em grande quantidade provoca o aumento do número de microrganismos e, conseqüentemente, o consumo excessivo do oxigênio dissolvido nos processos metabólicos de utilização e estabilização da matéria orgânica, levando ao desaparecimento e a extinção dos organismos aquáticos aeróbios, favorecendo o surgimento de outras formas de vida no meio anaeróbio, por vezes produzindo resíduos tóxicos. O foco principal deste artigo é discutir a dispersão da matéria orgânica no esgoto no ambiente urbano usando um modelo de qualidade de água, com parâmetros principais o oxigênio dissolvido e a demanda bioquímica de oxigênio. Discute-se, ainda, metodologias de lançamento de esgoto que podem contribuir à saúde pública, ao saneamento e à melhoria de conservação dos recursos hídricos.